Winter '11 / '12 - Arctic Oscillation - Day 30

500 mb height anomalies
associated with
three states of the
Arctic Oscillation

Thirty days into the season...the Arctic Oscillation (AO) remains well above zero despite a weakening polar vortex (PV) and hi-latitude easterly winds.

The 500 mb height anomalies (below right) have looked more like the top chart which has kept arctic cold away from the mid-latitudes.  The ECMWF continues to depict a weak anti-cyclone building over the Pole; however the on-set is always at least seven days away. 

Today/s 500 mb height anomalies

The minor stratospheric warming event @10 mb has contributed to a weakened PV but is occurring well away from the pole INVOF northeast Asia and has not propagated below 30 mb.

Minor warmings do not cause the PV to break down or cause a wind reversal from west to east so it's debatable how much influence this event will have on establishing hi-latitude blocking.  Best guess:  very little.

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Below is a time-series of the AO on 30-DEC throughout the 60+ year period of record (1950 - 2011).  The blue line is a trace of the daily AO index on 30-DEC.  The dark red line is a a trace of the same data after applying a nine-point binomial filter.  The filter removes low frequency noise and highlights decadal trends.

Not sure what this says about the AO at the end of December other than there is a decernable cycle every seven years or so.

Winter '11 / '12 - Coastal Teaser #1

Bit of a disagreement between us and them about next Wednesday/s weather along the eastern CONUS...

GFS:  27-DEC  12z
VT:  04-JAN-12 12z

ECMWF:  27-DEC  12z
VT:  04-JAN-12 12z

Both models were in fair agreement in the short range but then diverged as the ECMWF deepened a GOM Low which popped a high amplitude PNA-type ridge.  OTOH...GFS did not close the door to the flood of PAC air into the western CONUS and maintained a hi-index flow regime across the lower 48.

Suspect GooFuS will catch up eventually.

POSTSCRIPT:  The 12z Canadian and ECMWF are in excellent agreement through 144 hours in their depiction of a full latitude trof.

Winter '11 / '12 - Sudden Stratospheric Warming Watch - Update 2

It's official!

A 'minor' stratospheric warming...no longer a figment of NWP/s imagination...was observed at 10 mb by the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) for the seven-day period ending 25-DEC-11.

A minor warming event is defined as an observed 25°C temperature increase over "... a week or less at any stratospheric level in any area of winter time hemisphere. The polar vortex is not broken down and the wind reversal from westerly...to easterly...is less extensive." ¹

The heavy red shadings denote the 25°C threshold.
The image is approximately oriented north-south along 140°E longitude.
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Previous update here.

Winter '11 / '12 - Late December Snow

Another storm manages to thread the needle and slip by the forecast stations.  This winter is only the second season where NEWxSFC did not have a contest-worthy storm in December.  Every winter... with the notable exception of '06 / '07...had contest storms during January...so the odds are favorable for this season.

Small glimmers of hope have been showing up recently in the extended range...especially the ECMWF...as the progs depict a highly amplified ridge-West / trof-East flow regime developing across the CONUS.

Whatever evolves eventually from the weak warming in the stratosphere would likely take several weeks to affect the lower troposphere.

Winter '11 / '12 - VCP32 - The Day After Christmas

Winter '11 / '12 - Sudden Stratospheric Warming Watch

A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event appears to be getting underway this week.

NWP output from the ECMWF continues to show an expectation for significant weakening of the stratosphere's polar vortex  (PV) by year's end.  The PV's west winds...having reached a maximum speed ~210 kts (110 m/s) a few days ago...are forecast to fall off a fookin'cliff and decrease to ~50 kts (25 m/s) by the end of the period.  Diminishing PV wind speeds can lead to a reversal in flow where east winds become dominant.  These are highly favorable conditions for a negative state of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) to develop if they persist and propagate into the troposphere.

Also note the increasing intensity of the sub-tropical jet (STJ) INVOF 30°N @200 mb.

The decay in the PV's intensity comes courtesy of warming in the atmosphere's highest level millibars between the pole and the equator.  The warming all but eliminates the strong temperature gradient which in turn causes the wind to diminish.

The American Meteorological Society's 'Glossary of Meteorology' defines stratospheric warming...also called sudden warming...as...

"(a) rise in temperature of the stratosphere in the polar region in late winter resulting from enhanced propagation of energy from the troposphere by planetary-scale waves."

From Wiki...

A major warming is defined as "...westerly winds at 60°N and 10 mb...become easterly [...].  A complete disruption of the polar vortex is observed and the vortex will either be split into daughter vortices, or displaced from its normal location over the pole."  

The D+10 ECMWF panel shown above depicts east winds ~20 kts in the layer just above 10 mb.

From Wiki...

A minor warming is defined as "...the westerly...winds are slowed; however... (they) do not reverse. [...] a breakdown of the vortex is never observed."

An alternate definition of a minor warming considers an observed temperature change of "...25°C...in a...week or less at any stratospheric level in any area of winter time hemisphere. The polar vortex is not broken down and the wind reversal from westerly...to easterly...is less extensive."

This is excellent news for anyone waiting for winter to get underway in the eastern CONUS.

Winter '11 / '12 - 1st Quarter: Oh So Slow Start

E. 165th St - Bronx...NY
23-DEC-59

Ist quarter of MET-winter will apparently come quietly to a close in a few days without a single contest-worthy snow storm.

Slow starting seasons aren't at all common but they have happend.

The '06-'07 season didn't start until 12-FEB.  Once the storms started rolling tho...they came somewhat fast and maybe a little furious with another one in late February... two during the 1st half of March...and one last pathetic gasp in mid-April.

Back then...a weak el Niño was fading...AO averaged 1.612...PDO averaged 0.06...and +QBO was well on its way to flipping to the east.

The only common factor between the two seasons was the persistently positive AO.

There are signs the AO may flip but that would be several weeks away.

Winter '11 / '12 - Arctic Oscillation - Day 20

The persistantly positive state of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) may be starting to lean toward a long awaited change of sign.

This three day Height-Latitude Cross Section of Zonally Averaged Zonal Wind loop shows deep-layer easterly winds blowing over the pole...a weakening polar vortex (PV)...and a strengthening sub-tropical jet (STJ)...all of which are favorable ingredients for the Arctic Oscillation to finally go negative.

As a result...the AO has ducked below zero for the first time in what seems like ages.

12/18	-0.024
12/19	-0.882
12/20	-0.438

Whether this trend continues remains to be seen.
Recent daily AO data here.

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Contours show zonal wind speed with an interval of 2.5 m/s.
Easterly winds are shaded in warm colors.
Graphics courtesy the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA).

Winter '11 / '12 - Arctic Oscillation - Day 15

The Arctic Oscillation (AO) has been positive 99 out of 108 days since 01-SEP; however...there are a few signs suggesting a change for the better may be afoot.

The first sign points to a weakening polar vortex...

The wind speeds are currently running ~100 kt in the last few millibars @40°N and are forecast to weaken to ~45 kts at D+10.  Also note the development of deep easterly flow below 100 mb suggesting the presence of a hi-latitude anticyclone and an strengthening sub-tropical jet.  A hi-latitude HIGH would flip the sign of the AO to negative.

The second sign points to a warming stratosphere over 90°N...

If the warming persists and works its way down...this would build and anti-cyclone aloft which could propagate toward the surface and create of re-enforce a negative AO.

The last sign points toward a bloated chunk of cold air from Siberia migrating into eastern NOAM INVOF the Hudson Bay....

Note the 'W' in the light orange area INVOF the Hudson Bay.  This frigid feature propagated east from Siberia.  It indicates a warm stratosphere and low geo-potential heights in the troposphere.

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The state of the AO through the years (1950 - 2011) at fifteen days into the meteorological winter.

Certainly appears to have a degree of periodicity...especially the seven (yellow) and 11-year traces (red).

Winter '11 / '12 - Arctic Oscillation - Near Record High - Part 2

Last Sunday...the Arctic Oscillation (AO) reached a near-record high of 5.647...or did it?
CPC has revised their data...without comment...for several days between 02-DEC and 08-DEC.

Old data...
12/2  2.928
12/3  4.830
12/4  5.647
12/5  4.850
12/6  4.762
12/7  4.674
12/8  4.586

New data...
12/2  2.051
12/3  4.394
12/4  3.443
12/5  3.424
12/6  3.954
12/7  3.075
12/8  1.653

Despite the change...the AO is still damn too high...altho the ECMWF has been signaling the past few runs this may be about to change...albeit not until early January...if the PV breaks in two and a sudden stratospheric warming event develops as suggested by yesterday/s 240hr 100mb prog and the split continues its upward propagation.

JMA observing 10 mb temperatures on the way up!

Winter '11 / '12 - Early December Snow

Yesterday/s snowfall over portions of the forecast area came courtesy of a soggy nor'easter with frozen precipitation falling from the mid-level deformartion zone along the NW edge of the comma cloud shield.

These type of systems are rarely contest-worthy and this event was no exception.  HPC/s 'Day 1' snow accumulation prog suggested a high decent probability for plowable snowfall along a narrow corridor threaded neatly in between the forecast stations.

NOAA graphics and imagery courtesy...
HPC Winter Wx Forecasts
HPC Surface Analysis
NOHRSC Snow Analysis
GOES Image Search Engine

Winter '11 / '12 - White Christmas Probabilities

Updated below

White Christmas in the US is defined as 1" on-the-ground on 25-DEC.  The criteria are different in other countries.

The probability of an event is determined by dividing the number of times something happened by the number of time it could have happened.  If there was a white Christmas five times over 20 years...the probability is 25% in any given year.

This NCDC map is a little dated b/c it's based on the old 1961 - 1990 period of climate normals.  Good enough for our purposes.

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Folklore predictions...
- A green Christmas; a white Easter.

- If there's thunder during Christmas week...
The Winter will be anything but meek.

- The nearer the New Moon to Christmas Day...the harder the Winter.   [ed.  - new moon is 24-DEC!]

- If Christmas day be bright and clear
There’ll be two winters in the year.

- Thunder in December presages fine weather.
[ed. - somewhat at odds with 'thunder during Christmas week]

- Like in December like all the year long.
[ed. - does this face forward or backward?]

UPDATE:
The NWS has updated their white Christmas probabilities map based on the current 30-year climo period between 1981 and 2010...

Note there is one fewer classes in the new map.  The '< 5%' class has been combined with the '5-10%' class into one '< 10%' class...which is not an improvement for snow crows living along the map's southern boundary. 

Also note the classes are not represented by equal sizes.  Some are 15%-points...some are 10%-points...some are less than 10%-points.

Winter '11 / '12 - Eurasia Snow Cover - November

The latest monthly data from the Rutgers Snow Lab shows the observed areal snow cover over Eurasia was more than one standard deviation above normal during November for the 2nd time in three years.  It was the 5th highest coverage during the period of record (1966 - 2011).

Other Novembers where the snow cover was more than one standard devaition above the long term mean occured in 2009...1993...1973...1972...1970...and 1968.

Note the cluster of above normal Novembers between 1968 and 1973.  What the 3 out of 4 years had in common were negative PDO...negative QBO...and negative NAO.

Areal snowfall data courtesy Rutgers Snow Lab.
Earlier post about Octobers' Eurasia snow cover here.

Winter '11 / '12 - The North Atlantic Oscillation and Sea Surface Temperatures - Part 2

Hi-latitude blocking INVOF Greenland is known to be the main culprit for driving the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index below zero.  The negative state of the NAO is widely held in high regard as a crucial element for the development of severe winter storms in the eastern CONUS...despite strong evidence to the contrary that the Arctic Oscillation (AO) plays a much more important role.

Today's AO reached the 2nd highest value since record keeping began in 1950.  The NAO can be thought of as the eastern extension of the AO.  These two indexes often rise and fall in tandem but not always.

Medium and short range forecasting of the NAO is difficult...at best.  The correlation between NWP model forecasts and observed conditions at ranges of 10 and 14 days are currently 0.596 and 0.447...respectively.  The forecasts are able to explain 36% and 20% of the NAO's variability.  There's barely any skill at 10 days and none at 14 days.

This predictive limitation often leads to the conclusion the NAO cannot be reliably forecast beyond about seven days at best.  The current seven-day correlation coefficient of 0.720 which means NWP explains 52% of the indice's variability.

There may be a predictive a relationship between sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the northern Atlantic in December and the state of the NAO...as shown below.

- Positive areas on the map indicate a positive correlation between SSTA and the NAO state.  When SSTAs are positive (negative)...then NAO is positive (negative).

- Negative values on the map indicate a negative correlation between SSTA and the NAO state.  When SSTAs are negative (positive)...then NAO is positive (negative).

For example...if above (below) normal SSTAs are observed along the west coast of Greenland in the Baffin Bay they are correlated with a negative (positive) NAO state .

The map shown below depicts SSTAs...as of 01-DEC-11.

Note the above normal SSTAs along the lower SW and SE coasts of Greenland and the negative SSTAs NE of the Azores.  The correlation is negative along the Greenland coast and a positive NE of the Azores.  These anomalies suggest favorable conditions for a negative NAO state.

Also note the above normal SSTAs along the NE CONUS coastline.  These anomalies suggest favorable conditions for a positive NAO state.

There/s no clear signal about the future state of the NAO given the current SSTA observations; however...warmer than normal waters along coastal Greenland could contribute to ridge building should the long wave flow regime shift from its current configuration.

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An earlier post explored the predictive relationship discoved by the UK MET Office between SSTAs observed in May and the state of the NAO during the following winter.

Winter '11 / '12 - Arctic Oscillation - Near Record High

     The daily AO index reached 5.647 today.  It/s the 2nd highest value behind the 5.911 observed on 02-FEB-1990.
     NWP models show the AO in rapid decline over the short term so the record may stand.

Daily CPC data here.

Winter '11 / '12 - Arctic Oscillation - Day One

The Arctic Oscillation (AO) index continues to stick its thumb in the eye of east coast winter weather enthusiasts by climbing to more than three standard deviations above 'normal' in its 7-day moving average.

Today...on the 1st day of meteorological winter...the AO/s daily value stands at 4.830!

There are 19 other days during the AO/s period-of-record beginning in 1950 where the index has been at least as high.

Hyper-AO appears to favor weakly positive ENSO and weakly negative PDO.  QBO swings both ways although there is some preference to its negative state.  No apparent association with this year's conditions b/c ENSO is moderately negative.

Just out of idle curiosity...various length running means of the AO index for the first day of meteorological winter (D-J-F) is shown below.
 

Not sure what...if anything...this reveals about the AO other than the first day of winter...during the '90s...the northern annular mode was generally above zero and during all other periods...it was generally below zero.  The '90s were a time of numerous el Niños and a PDO in its positive phase. (corrected chart 12/10).

There is no indication in the latest 10-day forecasts for the polar vortex at 10 mb to weaken (west winds observed currently +170 kts INVOF AK) or the development of hi-latitude blocking.  In fact...today/s ECMWF 10 mb forecast has the PV wind speed increasing to 220 kts by D+10.

Winter '11 / '12 - Season-total Snowfall Forecast Contest - Forecast Summary

Updated below.

Ten Nine forecasters.
Welcome back veteran forecasters and welcome aboard to Rookie forecaster Chris Tingus.

Blue (red) shading indicates the 25th (75th) percentile in the above table.
PORN is the Period of Record Normal.
Individual forecasts and summary statistics at the Contest/s web site.

Consensus...as a percent of climatology...favors above (below) normal snowfall across northern (southern) forecast stations.  Closer to normal amounts expected for southern New England and the Mid-Atlantic.

Consensus and the min-max range of forecasts.

UPDATE:
NEWxSFC received a late entry which was submitted in good faith and accepted.  The station-by-station forecasts and summary page at the Contest/s web site has been updated.